The following code snippet will provide you with exactly what you're looking for:
##Replace Recovery service vault name
Get-AzureRmRecoveryServicesVault -Name "shui" | Set-AzureRmRecoveryServicesVaultContext
##FriendlyName is your Azure VM name
$namedContainer=Get-AzureRmRecoveryServicesBackupContainer -ContainerType "AzureVM" -Status "Registered" -FriendlyName "shui"
$item = Get-AzureRmRecoveryServicesBackupItem -Container $namedContainer -WorkloadType "AzureVM"
$policyname=$item.ProtectionPolicyName
$policy=Get-AzureRmRecoveryServicesBackupProtectionPolicy -Name $policyname
##BACKUP FREQUENCY
$policy.SchedulePolicy
##RETENTION RANGE
$policy.RetentionPolicy